Principles of Anatomy & Physiology

Discussions on The Human Body

Category Archives: Skeletal System Questions

Raw feeders please HELP! Animal Artwork especially.?

I am a fan of raw feeding and I give both my dogs and cats raw meat when I can. I want to feed my future dogs completely raw. I read the answer to a question someone else posted. Is there any truth to what this person said? Can you clarify some of the points for me?

ANSWER:
For some reason owners believe that meat is good and that they are doing the best for their animal by feeding the “best steak” or “fresh liver” to their pet. Meat as part of a balanced diet is good, particularly for cats which are strict carnivores. It provides an excellent source of protein and other nutrients, but it must be mixed with other ingredients to create a properly balanced ration..

The reason is that meat and offal are deficient in calcium, and relatively high in phosphorus. As a result, if you feed an exclusively meat or offal diet your poor pet will have to maintain it’s blood calcium levels by removing calcium from it’s body stores. As you know, most of the body’s calcium reserves are in the bony part of the skeleton. So, your pet’s clever hormone system will remove calcium from the bone to keep the amount circulating in the bloodstream “normal”. The result is decalcification of the bone, which leads to thin, brittle bones. These bones can fracture very easily – even the act of walking can cause a fracture. Unless the dietary problem is corrected your veterinarian won’t even be able to repair the fractures because the bones won’t heal properly. Eventually, untreated animals will become totally debilitated, and possibly paralysed if the spine fractures .

Provet advice : NEVER feed an exclusively meat or offal ration to your pet. Ask your veterinarian about his/her recommendations for feeding your animal.

Provet advice : NEVER compile your own ration for your pet without getting the formula approved by an independent advisor – your veterinarian

http://www.provet.co.uk/petfacts/healtht…

One myth that could be threatening to our pets’ health involves raw meat diets for dogs. The proponents of this belief question the wholesomeness and nutritional value of commercial pet foods. But in fact there is no scientific substantiation for raw meat diets. Indeed, there are several known drawbacks:

Although meat is a source of protein, it has very low levels of calcium, a mineral our pets require for proper bone and tooth development. Calcium also plays an important role in blood clotting, muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses. But simply supplementing with calcium won’t work. Mineral nutrients are interrelated. Calcium and phosphorus have a scientifically established relationship in the formation of bones and teeth, provided a proper balance is maintained. This balance is usually not present in meat. If large quantities of raw meat are fed over time, skeletal problems may develop.

Liver is often thought of as a “healthy” meat because it has a high level of Vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin that is stored by the body. And for humans who eat other things as well, it can be healthy. But when liver is fed to pets in excessive quantities over a period of time, Vitamin A toxicity can result. This can lead to improper bone development, lameness and bone decalcification.

Raw meat carries the threat of bacteria and parasites, including salmonella. The risk of salmonellosis is always present when pets are fed raw meat diets. Certain species of tapeworm can be found in raw meat and passed on to a pet who ingests the meat.

Raw meat diets do not replicate the diets of dogs in the wild. While it’s true that dogs consume muscle meat when they eat wild animals for survival, they also consume the bones, intestinal contents and internal organs, which come closer to providing a complete and balanced diet. Wild dogs are also known to eat grasses and other vegetable matter.

The truth is that good quality pet foods are backed by years of canine nutrition studies. They are the result of scientific studies by researchers in veterinary colleges and animal nutritionists in Animal Science programs and at reputable pet food manufacturers. They are also carefully processed to protect against salmonella or internal parasite infection.

http://www.purinaone.com/cooltools/nutri…

People often confuse a raw meat diet with an all meat diet based on the assumption that a dog natural raw diet is a meat only diet. The truth is a dog cannot survive on a diet of meat alone. They are omnivores and meat should form only a part of their overall diet, whether raw, proccessed or cooked. In the wild Canids eat not only the meat, but the bones(rich in calcium), the organs and stomach and intestines (including the contents) of their prey. the stomach and intestines content are mostly composed of vegetable and plant matter, as the wild dog kill is herbivorious.

Consquently a meat only diet is unnatural and unbalanced. It is low in Iodine, Vitamin A, Vitamin B1 and calicum and has an inbalance of calicum to phosphorous, whi
I already don’t believe in feeding my dogs food like Purina and the like. I feed Taste of the wild. I only feed grainless type foods.
Thanks everyone! I am gaining more knowledge everyday about raw feeding. When I do start feeding Prey Model to my future Rotti I want to do it right. I would love to feed my current dogs raw but I don’t have a job right now due to my situation and my parents buy there food. They are heppy to buy kibble but they are still under the idea that raw will turn dogs into man eaters… My dogs do eat raw every other day or so with the kibble. When I get out of college their diet will change. Thanks again!!

Help with word count?

I need to get the word count of these papers down. They are now at 593. I would like it to be around 450. Thanks! And please try not to just make it is it’s, because that doesn’t sound professional in some cases.

Successes

Fluoride is known as one of the most successful public health achievements of the twentieth century. Its ability to prevent and reverse cavities in their early stages has been beneficial to people of all ages and socioeconomic levels, especially to those who cannot afford regular dentist appointments. Solely by drinking water enhanced with fluoride, children and adults can benefit from its dental protection.
It is also extremely cheap. It costs less to supply a single person with fluoride for life, than it does for one dental filling. Because of its inexpensiveness, fluoride has been distributed to approximately seventy-two percent of people throughout the United States since 1945, providing for maximum tooth decay reduction.
Today, studies demonstrate that fluoridation continues to be effective in reducing tooth decay twenty-forty percent. Many major medical organizations such as the American Dental Association and the American Medical Association support fluoridation in public drinking water supplies.
Public water fluoridation is an extremely effective and inexpensive way to receive tooth decay prevention and has been proven to work extremely well.

Failures

There are several failures associated with fluoridation in the public water supply and the debate over it. The most commonly known one is probably dental fluorosis. Dental Fluorosis is the staining and weakening of teeth due to overexposure of fluoride. Fluoride can also cause skeletal fluorosis. Skeletal fluorosis affects the bones inside of the body. It causes them to weaken and become brittle to the point where it becomes difficult to walk. The most common way of obtaining either fluorosis is by swallowing too much fluoride-enhanced toothpaste or mouthwash, however, exposure from all sources is cumulative. The damage of fluorosis is permanent.

According to some studies fluoride is linked to many more negative effects. The most serious include: lowered IQ, cancer, impairing of the immune system, birth defects, and prenatal deaths. Less devastating include: diminished strength, suppressed thyroid function, and increased led intake.
It is also impossible to control the amount of fluoride consumed by a single person. Some people may drink more water than others therefore consuming more fluoride, and including the sources of fluoride outside of water, this may result in consuming too much fluoride.
The argument against fluoride in the public water supply has a strong argument with evidence suggesting negative effects of overexposure to fluoride.

Consequences

Many consequences have resulted from fluoride and the debate over it. Fluoride has lowered the tooth decay related mortalities tremendously. Because of fluoride the community suffers far less illness and infections related to tooth decay. Statistics demonstrate that children’s test scores who live in an area with fluoridated water are better than those who do not. This is because children perform better when their teeth do not hurt, and they are not missing school due to dental appointments.
In recent news, fluoride has made the headlines. The department of Health and Human Services announced plans to lower the recommended level of fluoride in drinking water. It is now recommended to use only a pea sized amount of toothpaste and to make sure to spit all of it out. The main reason this was changed was because of dental fluorosis, however other negative affects of fluoride have contributed to the change.
The question this debate has left everyone asking is: Should the government be tampering with the public water supply? The negative affects of fluoridation have made the public hyper-sensitive to any attempt by government to impose on the population substances claimed to benefit health. Because both sides of the argument have vast amounts of evidence the debate continues…

That’s all. Thanks in advance.

What race or ethnic background were the ancient Egyptians?

This is a very popular question, and unfortunately, there is no simple answer. However, it is an important one to address due to the racial divide the exists in many countries today, especially the United States. An ancient history professor once related the anecdote of how in one of his classes, a student wanted to know why Africa didn’t have any civilizations in ancient times. When asked where he was when the class covered ancient Egypt, the student became visibly exasperated and said, “Yah… but they don’t count!” His explanation for this statement was that the Egyptians were not negroes, and thus not really “African”.
In a way, the student was right. The ancient Egyptians were not “black”. However, they were not “white” or any other so-called “race.” This does not mean that they were not African though. A simple matter of geography forces them into that classification. Ancient Egypt was the most successful and longest lasting civilization on Earth, and it was African.
So how does one determine what “race” a people are? Sociologists and historians use various yardsticks to determine this, such as physical characteristics of the people, what language they spoke, or what religion they believed in, etc…
Seated at the juncture of three continents, the Egyptians showed the physical characteristics of Caucasians, Negroes, and Asians. With the migration of various peoples into the Nile Valley throughout the thousands of years in which the Egyptian culture flourished, it is nearly impossible to avoid a racial mixture of the population. Therefore, the most heated debate centers around what race the Predynastic or earliest Egyptians were, the “original” Egyptians, if you will. Yet again, skeletal remains indicate that they shared the characteristics of Caucasians, Asians and Negroes.
Linguistically, Egyptians spoke and wrote a language that held Semetic and sub-Saharan African properties. Their language fell into the language group that linguists call, “Afro-Asiatic”. Language is not necessarily the best yardstick to use concerning racial background though. One must remember that languages can be spoken by vastly different ethnicities, just as Spanish is spoken today by both Spaniards and South American Indians.
In terms of religion, the Egyptians appeared to have a mostly indigenous belief system. That is, they thought it up for themselves. It is most original among the ancient peoples of the world. It many ways it was a “monolatry”. A monolatry is a religion where one god’s many personalities are seen as somewhat separate deities. For instance, the sun god Re, his other aspects or personalities were known as Atum, Khepera and Horus. When the Egyptians wished to emphasize that the god they were referring to was expressing more than one personality, they would hyphenate the name, “Re-Atum”, etc…
At one point, each of these personalities were probably separate deities (which is how they are treated in this website). As Egypt grew to encompass the entire Nile Valley from the Delta to the Cataracts, the individual communities learned more about the belief systems and deities of their neighbors and incorporated these new gods which were similar to their into their religion.
However, it must be noted that several “Egyptian” gods probably originated in other countries. for instance, Bes probably came from Sub-Saharan Africa. Qetesh was a Semetic (Middle Eastern) goddess, and Serapis was Greek.
Perhaps the most important question to answer is: What race did the Egyptians believe they belonged to? The ancient Egyptians saw themselves as being ethnically distinctive from both the Asiatics to the north and the Negros to the south. The tiles from a palace shown here depict a negro and an Asiatic captive. They look distinctly different from the Egyptian priest shown above. Both in art and in literature, it was clear that they saw themselves as being different from their neighbors. The Egyptians believed that they were of the “Egyptian” race

I have a question about the human body…?

Sense organs are part of
A. peripheral nervous system
B. central nervous system
C. autonomic nervous system
D. parasymphatheitc nrevous system

Which of the following types of muscle generally remains in a state of partial contraction when your legs are straight?
A. skeletal muscle
B. cardiac muscle
C. smooth muscle
D. All of the above

Human anatomy question?

The nerve gas sarin ( a decades old chemical weapon) acts by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. How would individuals exposed to this chemical agent be affected? Please consider why this agent would broadly affect the nervous system as opposed to simply disrupting skeletal muscle activity. Can you think of a muscle-specific target? What about another broad nervous system target?

homework help…..anatomy?

Support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation are functions of
which system?
A) Nervous
B) Integumentary
C) Muscular
D) Skeletal
E) None of the above
seems like a trick question to me but i donno

How does the brain INITIATE a signal?

As a biochemistry graduate student, I understand a lot about neurons (action potentials, neurotransmitters, all that good stuff), white/grey matter, different lobes of the brain. The question I am asking is, how is a signal the brain sends to the rest of the body (lets use skeletal muscles in this example – somatic system) initiated? Simplified, how is my brain initiating a signal to the muscles in my hand/arms to move? How does the thought of a movement physiologically translate to the act of the movement? Furthermore, how is that thought even initiated? What neurons do we have active voluntary control over in the brain to initiate a signal? If possible, please link me to a site with more information about this. Thank you.

human body (organ systems)?

Please help me…this is the question………..

give examples of ways that the skeletal, muscular, circulatory and nervous systems work together to maintain the human body. use all 4 systems ~how do they work together?? plz give me as many examples as u can!! ~

~tyvm :)

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