1. A new born infant is found dead, abandoned by the road. Among the many questions that the police would like to have answers to is whether the infant was born dead or alive. After an autopsy the medical examiner tells them that the infant was dead at birth. How could the medical examiner determine this?
2. Ralph is taking scuba diving classes, and is confused as to why he should not hold his breath under water while breathing from the air tank. What would you tell him?
3. What are the five primary functions of the respiratory system?
4. A decrease in blood pressure triggers a baroreceptor reflex that leads to increased ventilation. What is the advantage of this reflex?
5. Frank has been fasting for several days and he begins to notice a strong smell of ammonia in his urine. He begins to worry and buy some pH paper from the chemistry lab and finds that his urine is also very acidic. What could account for these observations?
6. Physicians often ask for urine samples collected over a 24-hour period, rather than a single sample. Why?
7. Randy enjoys his four or five cups of coffee a day and his six or seven beers a few nights a week. What are the effects of his caffeine and alcohol consumption on his urinary system?
8. For the past week, Susan has felt a burning sensation in the urethral area when she urinates. She checks her temperature and finds that she has a low grade fever. What unusual substances are likely to be present in her urines?
9. Carlos has advanced arteriosclerosis. An analysis of hi blood indicates elevated levels of aldosterone and decreased levels of ADH. Explain.
10. Fred has chronic emphysema. Blood tests show that his pH is normal but his bicarbonate levels are elevated significantly. How can this be?
11. A person who is hyperventilating and disoriented id brought into the Emergency room> blood analysis indicates that the person has elevated levels of potassium (hyperkalemia). Is the most likely cause acidosis or alkalosis? Explain.
12. Glen has chronic emphysema. A blood analysis indicates that his plasma pH is 7.4, although his plasma bicarbonate level is significantly elevated. How can this be?